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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuro developmental disorder (NDD) that influences how children interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave. This ASD is also known as, Asperger’s Syndrome , Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) ,Kanner’s Syndrome –Atypical Autism.
Different types of Neurodevelopmental disorder are Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), Autism spectrum disorder( ASD), Intellectual disability, Learning disorder, Communication disorder, Developmental movement disorders.
While autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is referred to as a “developmental disorder” because its symptoms typically emerge within the first two years of life. According to the age of appearance of symptoms it is classified as Primary ASD and Secondary ASD. According to severity of symptom it is divided in three levels called as, Level-1, mild form, Level-2, moderate form, Level-3, severe form. ASD encompasses a wide range of conditions marked by challenges in social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication.
Children with ASD may show limited or unusual social interest, which can manifest as avoidance of others, passivity, or aggressive and disruptive behaviors. In young children, a lack of shared, age-appropriate pretend play or symbolic play may be evident. Autistic children often adhere to strict rules in their play. Children with ASD may communicate, interact, and learn in ways that differ from their peers, though their physical appearance is generally typical. Some children with ASD, particularly those with certain syndromes, may have distinct physical features. The abilities of children with ASD can vary greatly; for instance, some may possess advanced conversational skills while others may be nonverbal. Some children with ASD require significant support in daily activities, while others can function independently with little to no assistance.

Causes

As previously mentioned, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. In some cases, individuals with ASD have a known underlying condition, such as a genetic disorder. However, many causes remain unknown. Scientists believe that multiple factors contribute to the development of ASD, working together to alter typical developmental processes. There is still much to learn about these causes and their effects on individuals with ASD.
There is no single known cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Given the disorder’s complexity and the wide range of symptoms and severity, it is likely that numerous factors contribute. Both genetic , epigenetic and environmental influences may play a role.
  • Genetics and Epigenetics
Multiple genes seem to be involved in the development of ASD. For some children, ASD is linked to specific genetic disorders, such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome. In other cases, genetic mutations may increase the likelihood of developing ASD. Certain genes might impact brain development, how brain cells communicate, or the severity of symptoms. Some genetic changes are inherited, while others arise spontaneously.
  • Environmental Factors
Researchers are investigating whether environmental factors, such as viral infections, medications or complications during pregnancy, or exposure to air pollutants, contribute to triggering Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Symptoms

Some children display early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in infancy, such as limited eye contact, lack of response to their name, or a lack of interest in their caregivers. Other children may develop typically during the first few months or years, but later exhibit sudden changes, such as becoming withdrawn, aggressive, or losing previously acquired language skills. These signs typically become noticeable by the age of 2.
Each child with Autism Spectrum Disorder is likely to exhibit a distinct pattern of behavior and varying levels of severity, ranging from low functioning to high functioning. Some children with ASD may struggle with learning and show signs of below-average intelligence, while others may have normal to above-average intelligence. These children can learn quickly but face challenges in communication, applying their knowledge in daily life, and adjusting to social situations.
Treatment
Several effective interventions can enhance a child’s functioning:
  • Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
This approach involves systematically analyzing a child’s functional challenges to create a structured plan aimed at improving adaptive skills and reducing inappropriate behaviors.
  • Social Skills Training
Conducted in either group or individual settings, this intervention helps children with autism develop better social interaction abilities.
  • Speech & Language Therapy
This therapy focuses on improving speech patterns and language comprehension.
  • Occupational Therapy
This helps children develop adaptive skills, manage daily activities, and address issues such as handwriting difficulties.
  • Parent Management Training
Parents are taught effective strategies for responding to challenging behaviors and encouraging appropriate actions. Parent support groups also provide a space for parents to cope with the challenges of raising a child with autism.
  • Special Education Services
Under an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) provided by their school, children with autism can receive the necessary accommodations for their social communication difficulties, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors, enabling them to reach their academic potential. This includes specialized programs for young children focusing on language, social, and life skills.
  • Treating Co-occurring Conditions
Children with autism often experience conditions like insomnia, anxiety, depression, and ADHD. They may also have an intellectual disability, which requires attention. Proper treatment and services, including those listed above, as well as psychotherapy and/or medication, can help address these conditions.
  • Medication
A child psychiatrist can assess for co-occurring issues such as depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. Medication may be helpful in managing these symptoms. Homoeopathy has many things to offer ASD child, but should be used cautiously and appropriately. Homoeopathy along with other above mentioned auxiliary methods can improve quality of life and improved communication.
Social Communication and Interaction
A child with Autism Spectrum Disorder may experience difficulties with social interaction and communication, exhibiting some of the following signs:
  • Does not respond to their name or may seem not to hear you at times
  • Resists being held or cuddled and prefers to play alone, retreating into their own world
  • Has poor eye contact and limited facial expressions
  • Does not speak or has delayed speech, or may lose the ability to say words or sentences they once knew
  • Struggles to initiate or maintain conversations, and may only speak to make requests or label objects
  • Speaks with an unusual tone or rhythm, using a singsong voice or robotic speech
  • Repeats words or phrases without understanding how to use them appropriately
  • Appears not to understand simple questions or directions
  • Does not express emotions or recognize the feelings of others
  • Fails to point at or share objects to show interest
  • Approaches social interactions inappropriately, often being passive, aggressive, or disruptive
  • Has difficulty interpreting nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions, body language, or tone of voice from others.
When to See a Doctor
Every baby develops at their own pace, and many don’t follow the exact timelines outlined in parenting books. However, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder typically show signs of developmental delays before the age of 2.
If you’re concerned about your child’s development or suspect they may have Autism Spectrum Disorder, it’s important to talk to your doctor. The symptoms of ASD can overlap with other developmental disorders.
Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder often become apparent early, especially when there are noticeable delays in language and social interactions. If your child shows any of the following signs, your doctor may recommend developmental assessments to check for delays in cognitive, language, and social skills:
  • Doesn’t respond with a smile or happy expression by 6 months
  • Doesn’t mimic sounds or facial expressions by 9 months
  • Doesn’t babble or coo by 12 months
  • Doesn’t use gestures, such as pointing or waving, by 14 months
  • Doesn’t say single words by 16 months
  • Doesn’t engage in pretend play by 18 months
  • Doesn’t say two-word phrases by 24 months
  • Loses previously acquired language skills
Every child is especial, they need equal love and care.

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